“An Indigenous ethnonym associated with peoples of the southern California and northwestern Baja California region; the name’s deeper internal origin is uncertain.”

“Spanish colonial records documented Indigenous communities in Baja California under varying names and spellings.”

“An older colonial English term used for some Kumiai-speaking peoples, derived from the San Diego mission association; it is now often avoided as an imposed label.”

“English-language scholarship and anthropology increasingly used Kumiai alongside Kumeyaay and related community names.”

“A recognized ethnonym and linguistic designation for the people, language, and cultural traditions of the region.”